EPS@ISEP | The European Project Semester (EPS) at ISEP

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report [2016/06/11 18:56] – [Glossary] team5report [2017/04/29 17:25] (current) – [7.4 Thermodynamics] team5
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 ===== Acknowledgement  ===== ===== Acknowledgement  =====
  
-In this paragraph, the authors would like to thank the supervisors and teachers from the European Project Semester at Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. Their patience, guidance and great help strengthened the authors’ capacity to fulfill the project. Special gratitude for our main supervisors Cristina Ribeiro and Paulo Ferreira. This European Project Semester enriched all authors by culture, teamwork and team bonding. 
  
 +
 +The authors would like to thank the supervisors and teachers from the European Project Semester at Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. Their patience, guidance and great help strengthened the authors’ capacity to fulfill the project.  Special gratitude for our main supervisors Cristina Ribeiro and Paulo Ferreira. Hereby, the author would like to thank their family, their home University and the organization of the European Project Semester who made it possible to study abroad. This European Project Semester enriched all authors by culture, teamwork and team bonding. 
 ===== Glossary ===== ===== Glossary =====
  
 <WRAP box 400px> <WRAP box 400px>
 ^ Abbreviation ^ Description ^ ^ Abbreviation ^ Description ^
-|AAWRE|American Academy of Water Resources Engineers+|AAWRE|American Academy of Water Resources Engineers|
 |DFA|Dimensional Fund Advisors| |DFA|Dimensional Fund Advisors|
 |DCMD|Direct Contact Membrane Distillation| |DCMD|Direct Contact Membrane Distillation|
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 |MED|Multiple-Effect Distillation| |MED|Multiple-Effect Distillation|
 |MSF|Multi-stage Flash Distillation| |MSF|Multi-stage Flash Distillation|
 +|NA| Not Applicable|
 |RO|Reverse Osmosis distillation| |RO|Reverse Osmosis distillation|
 |SHD|Simple Homemade Desalination| |SHD|Simple Homemade Desalination|
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 The shape of the structure is based on previous research.  The shape of the structure is based on previous research. 
-The full structure can be seen in Figure {{ref>flabel763}}. The system contains out of 4 containers, which can be seen in Figure {{ref>flabel761}}+The full structure can be seen in Figure {{ref>flabel763}}. The system consists  of 4 containers, which can be seen in Figure {{ref>flabel761}}
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 Parameters for the calculations:  Parameters for the calculations: 
   * H0 : Convection of heat transfer coefficient from cover surface to atmosphere   * H0 : Convection of heat transfer coefficient from cover surface to atmosphere
-    * Tc : Temperature of transparent cover +  * Tc : Temperature of transparent cover 
-    * Ta : Temperature of atmosphere +  * Ta : Temperature of atmosphere 
-  *  σ : Constant of Stefan-Boltzmann +  * σ : Constant of Stefan-Boltzmann 
-  *  ec : emissitivity factor for radiation from cover to atmosphere. For this the PMMA emissitivity is 0.84 +  * ec : Emissivity factor for radiation from cover to atmosphere. For this the PMMA emissivity is 0.84 
   * Hi : Convection of heat transfer coefficient from seawater container to cover surface   * Hi : Convection of heat transfer coefficient from seawater container to cover surface
   * Tb : Temperature of seawater in basin   * Tb : Temperature of seawater in basin
-  * Eb,c : Emissivity factor for radiation from seawater to cover+  * Eb,c: Emissivity factor for radiation from seawater to cover
   * D : Distillate outflow rate (kg/m/m²) from base   * D : Distillate outflow rate (kg/m/m²) from base
-  * λ : Enthalpy of condensation of water vapor is 2264 KJ/Kg+  * λ : Enthalpy of condensation of water vapor is 2264 kJ/kg
  
  
   - //Energy balance around the cover of the distiller and surrounding//   - //Energy balance around the cover of the distiller and surrounding//
  
-Q= Ho . Ac  . (Tc – To) + σ . e . Ac (Tc4 – To4) (1) +Q= Ho * Ac * (Tc – To) + σ * e * Ac (Tc4 – To4) (1)
  
 Convection Convection
-Ho . Ac  . (Tc – To) (2)+Ho * Ac * (Tc – To) (2)
  
 Radiation Radiation
-σ . e . Ac (Tc4 – To4) (3)+σ * e * Ac (Tc4 – To4) (3)
  
   - //Energy balance around the cover of the distiller and the inside of the system//   - //Energy balance around the cover of the distiller and the inside of the system//
  
-Q= Ho . Ac  . (Tb – Tc) + σ . e . Ac (Tb4 – Tc4) + D . λ + I . αc  (4)+Q= Ho * Ac * (Tb – Tc) + σ * e * Ac (Tb4 – Tc4) + D * λ + I * αc  (4)
  
 Convection Convection
-Hi . Ac . (Tb – Tc) (5)+Hi * Ac * (Tb – Tc) (5)
  
 Radiation Radiation
- σ . e . Ac (Tc4 – To4) (6)+ σ * e * Ac (Tc4 – To4) (6)
  
 Assumptions are taken for the calculations. The area of the seawater container, white base and cover stays equal. The cover and condensate film are at a temperature of Tc, the temperature Tb is uniform throughout the basin, liquid and vapor leakage is negligible and the cover condensate are opaque to thermal radiation from the seawater container. Over-all energy balance around 1m² of distiller is:  Assumptions are taken for the calculations. The area of the seawater container, white base and cover stays equal. The cover and condensate film are at a temperature of Tc, the temperature Tb is uniform throughout the basin, liquid and vapor leakage is negligible and the cover condensate are opaque to thermal radiation from the seawater container. Over-all energy balance around 1m² of distiller is: 
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 I(1-εr) = H0 (Tc – Ta ) + σ . ec. Ac (Tc4 – Tr4) +D (Tc – Ts) + B (Tb – Ts ) + Σ L (7)  I(1-εr) = H0 (Tc – Ta ) + σ . ec. Ac (Tc4 – Tr4) +D (Tc – Ts) + B (Tb – Ts ) + Σ L (7) 
  
-  * I : Solar radiation rate on horizontal surface [W/m2 ]+  * I : Solar radiation rate on horizontal surface [W/m²]
   * R: Loss of solar energy by reflection    * R: Loss of solar energy by reflection 
   * B: water outflow rate    * B: water outflow rate 
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 In this equation the solar radiation absorbed in the seawater container and on the distiller bottom per hour is equated to the sum of the heat transferred from the cover to the atmosphere by convection and radiation, the sensible heat carried out in the hot seawater and the warm condensate and heat losses, including the heat transferred through the bottom of the basin. The energy balance is written with the incoming saline water at the reference temperature and there is a further assumption that the condensate leaves the distiller substantially at the cover temperature. In this equation the solar radiation absorbed in the seawater container and on the distiller bottom per hour is equated to the sum of the heat transferred from the cover to the atmosphere by convection and radiation, the sensible heat carried out in the hot seawater and the warm condensate and heat losses, including the heat transferred through the bottom of the basin. The energy balance is written with the incoming saline water at the reference temperature and there is a further assumption that the condensate leaves the distiller substantially at the cover temperature.
- 
- 
    
 === - Practical concerns === === - Practical concerns ===
 The efficiency of the process relies on the mass of condensated water [kg/m³]. This can be calculated by  The efficiency of the process relies on the mass of condensated water [kg/m³]. This can be calculated by 
-∆m= - ∆es/(Rv . Tlowest)+∆m = - ∆es/(Rv * Tlowest)
 With es is the difference of water vapor pressure of the highest and the lowest temperature [bar]; With es is the difference of water vapor pressure of the highest and the lowest temperature [bar];
-Rv is the gas constant of water vapor [461.5 J (K Kg)-1];+Rv is the gas constant of water vapor [461.5 J (K.kg)-1];
 And the temperature at the lowest value [K] And the temperature at the lowest value [K]
  
-es = 6.1078 . 10 ^(7.5 . Ti/ (237.9+Ti) (8)+es = 6.1078 * 10 ^(7.5 * Ti/ (237.9+Ti) (8)
 with T [°C] with T [°C]
  
 The difference of water vapor pressure also can be calculated by the difference of Relative Humidity inside the system by:  The difference of water vapor pressure also can be calculated by the difference of Relative Humidity inside the system by: 
-RH = (e/es) . 100 (9)+RH = (e/es) * 100 (9)
 The e is the real vapor pressure inside the system The e is the real vapor pressure inside the system
  
 === - Water Pyramid Test Result === === - Water Pyramid Test Result ===
  
-Once the prototype was ready the team made some tests during 2h on the roof of the ISEP: +Once the prototype was ready the team made measured during 2h on the roof of ISEP: 
  
-  * Temperature on the Arduino Board: [45,89 ; 53,11] °C +  * Temperature on the Arduino Board: [45.89;53.11] °C 
-  * Pression on the Arduino Board: [1004,79 ; 1006,11] hPa +  * Pression on the Arduino Board: [1004.79;1006.11] hPa 
-  * Temperature inside the brine, on the inside wall and outside wall of the pyramid, Figure {{ref>flabel7313}} +  * Temperature inside the brine, on the inside wall and outside wall of the pyramid (Figure {{ref>flabel7313}}) 
-  * Humidity inside the pyramid+  * Relative Humidity inside the pyramid
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-  * Humidity inside the pyramid, figure {{ref>flabel7314}}+  * Humidity inside the pyramid (Figure {{ref>flabel7314}}) 
 + 
 +This test was made to ensure the big difference between the temperature of the inside of the pyramid, the outside of the pyramid and the brine itself. In Figure {{ref>flabel7313}} a graph is shown which make clear that the Temperature from the inside of the pyramid is approximately 10 °C higher than the Brine temperature and approximately 18 °C higher is than the outside temperature. By this, the team can conclude that the process can work. Namely, the evaporation of the Brine will occur and the vapor can condense at the PMMA because the outside of the pyramid is colder than the inside of the pyramid. 
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 </figure> </figure>
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +The Relative Humidity stays constant at approximately 60 % inside of the pyramid (Figure {{ref>flabel7314}}). The higher the Relative Humidity, the more brine evaporated. 
 +
 +After this test, another test of 24 h was made. This for two reasons:  to make calculations and to compare the results with the experiment itself, and to get the difference between the minimum and maximum temperature of the inside-, outside of the system and the brine. 
 +
 +The results of the graph in Figure {{ref>flabel7771}} (A) shows the big difference during day and night. This difference is important for the evaporation and condensation process. By day, the brine evaporates. By night, the vapor condenses. This can also be proven by the Relative Humidity graph in Figure {{ref>flabel7771}} (B). During the evening/night the Relative Humidity increase up to almost 95 % and after this, after condensing, the Relative Humidity decreases. 
 +
 +<WRAP centeralign>
 +<figure flabel7771>
 +{{::thermotest.png?direct&300|}}{{:rhtest.png?direct&300|}}
 +<caption>Temperature (A) and Relative Humidity (B) of the system during a 24 h test</caption>
 +</figure>
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +
 +With the results of the graphs it possible to calculate the percentage evaporated water. 
 +  - Es1 = 122.21 = 6.1078 * 10 ^(7.5 * Tmaxbrine/ (237.9+Tmaxbrine))
 +  - Es2 = 20.41 = 6.1078 * 10 ^(7.5 * Tminbrine/ (237.9+Tminbrine)) 
 +  - ∆Es = 101.80 = Es1-Es2
 +  - ∆m = 0.012 kg = Tmin inside/(461.5 * ∆Es)
 +  - Water evaporated = 12.75 ml = ∆m * 1000 ml/kg
 +  - % evaporated = 6.37 %
 +In this experiment only 6.37 % evaporated. To increase the percentage evaporated, it is important to make the higher difference between the temperature. In future development it is necessary to take this in consideration. 
 +
 +
 +
 ==== - Electronics overview ==== ==== - Electronics overview ====
 To make the Water Pyramid autonomous, an electronic system must be integrated. The Arduino intelligence will be used to control 1 pump and 4 sensors like you can see in the following blackbox in Figure {{ref>flabel731}}.  To make the Water Pyramid autonomous, an electronic system must be integrated. The Arduino intelligence will be used to control 1 pump and 4 sensors like you can see in the following blackbox in Figure {{ref>flabel731}}. 
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 In this chapter the team has written about the ways of how the team managed to develop the ideas of this project. THe changes of the product and the system were explained, tested and discussed over the time. Based on test results, material is chosen and making the electrical schematic for our project makes the whole process easier and more user-friendly.  In this chapter the team has written about the ways of how the team managed to develop the ideas of this project. THe changes of the product and the system were explained, tested and discussed over the time. Based on test results, material is chosen and making the electrical schematic for our project makes the whole process easier and more user-friendly. 
    
-===== - Conclusions ===== 
  
- 
-Just making product through establishing a theme for a product, recording the process, and building physical models by using data from experiment does not mean end everything. Our product will be improved constantly for getting better conditions and our team will obtain feedback from customers and supervisors. In this unit, we mention about overall discussion of our product, and consider about future development for reaching more complete conclusions about the project and product. 
  
  
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-Just making product through establishing a theme for a product, recording the process, and building physical models by using data from experiment does not mean end everything. Our product will be improved constantly for getting better conditions and our team will obtain feedback from customers and supervisors. In this unit, we mention about overall discussion of our product, and consider about future development for reaching more complete conclusions about the project and product.+This chapter comprises a summary of the whole work developed during the European Project Semester as well as suggestions for future development. 
 ==== - Discussion ==== ==== - Discussion ====
  
  
-When our team proceeds the project at first time, we target the subject and our product is envisioned from that subject. After establishing unrefined foundation, we make the approximate model and set materials and suppliers. Also our team starts to record every data from project at the same time (like management, marketing planning, state of art, and etc.). In the process, it takes a lot of time and effort. +At first, the target and objectives were established to get to know in which direction the project should be going. After this research was done to choose right methods for developing the project. Next step is to identify the most appropriate methods to achieve the main goals on theoretical perspective. Later the set up objectives had to meet the practical way of developing the product, which took a lot of effort.  The practical way includes a lot of experiments in appropriate conditions. Thus, the prototype has changed including shapes, materials and design.
  
 + 
 +The prototype has to satisfy the users’ needs in terms of sustainability and marketing, with the help of management and ethics. 
  
-After admitting feedback from supervisors and doing experiments, we will make the real model which is close to Final model. Based on the results of the real model, out team is able to assess the completeness, quality of our product, and also applying knowledge of sustainability . In order to produce better product, we decide to embark on more precise work. 
  
-==== - Future Development ====  +When everything was designed in the right way, the scientific part had to be checked. This means studying the thermodynamic reactions through the system. These test proved the prototype is working but needs improvements, which will be defined in next part of the conclusion. 
  
  
-First of all, our product focuses on sustainability and Eco-friendly, but our team cannot avoid contamination because we will utilize the artificial parts for our product (even solar panel is artificial thing). In addition, it is sure that contamination will occur when our product is produced. Therefore, out team will consider the method of generating the least contamination for environment. +As a team, we are proud of what we achieved and what we worked on. The problem behind our project is very important. This optimized project could be very promising for the future. 
-Secondly, precise calculations. We will struggle with getting the optimal efficiency and minimum cost to product the product by calculating the quantity of energy that it can get, the total time required, method of system control for optimum effect, and also calculations for appearance.     +
-  +
-  +
-===== - References =====+
  
 +==== - Future Development ====  
  
-[2] http://www.gabrielediamanti.com/projects/eliodomestico/ \\ +Regarding the future, several factors of the product can be improved.  
-[3] https://www.deltabid.com/procurement-management/ \\ +First of all, more test about materials can be done do guaranty a sustainable, low cost and efficient system.  
-[4] How Much Water is On Earth?, 2010,http://www.livescience.com/29673-how-much-water-on-earth.html [accessed in March 2016] \\ +Next the electronical part can make the product autonomous.  
-[5] Project Porposal EPS, ISEP, 2016, http://ave.dee.isep.ipp.pt/~mbm/PROJE-EPS/1516/Proposals/EPS_PROJECT_2016_T5.pdf [accessed in February 2016] \\ +And last but not least, more thermodynamical experiments should be done to ensure at which conditions the system works best. 
-[6] Evaporation,Scottish Sensory Centre, http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/BSL/chemistry/evaporationd.html [accessed in March 2016] \\ +
-[7] http://www.marketingteacher.com/marketing-controls/ \\ +
-[8] http://www.emineomedia.com/your-marketing-mix/ \\ +
- +
-Project development part / schematic  : http://www.baumer.com/es-en/services/user-knowledge/ultrasonic-sensors/functionality/ +
-Ethics : http://udel.edu/~tpowers/papers/deontology2.pdf +
-http://www.aawre.org/ +
-http://www.aawre.org/sites/aawre.org/files/users/jbrinn/AAWRE%20CODE%20OF%20ETHICS%20and%20RELEASE%20AGREEMENT%20FORM.pdf +
-https://moodle.isep.ipp.pt/pluginfile.php/104143/mod_resource/content/1/1_EPS_FMV_2016_.pdf+
  
  
  
 ==== References ==== ==== References ====

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